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Pyruvate directly participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mitochondria, promotes the conversion of glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and enhances cellular energy supply. Studies have shown that it can increase the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), accelerate the removal of lactate after exercise, relieve muscle fatigue and prolong endurance.

Pyruvate promotes fat oxidation and inhibits fat synthesis by activating the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Clinical trials have shown that daily supplementation of calcium pyruvate (6–10 g) can increase basal metabolic rate, reduce visceral fat accumulation, and assist in weight management.

As a natural antioxidant, pyruvate's ability to scavenge free radicals can reduce the damage of oxidative stress to skin collagen. Its derivatives (such as pyruvate-FITC) have shown in studies to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), delay skin aging and improve inflammatory symptoms such as acne.

Pyruvate inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by reducing the risk of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. At the same time, its ability to promote glucose metabolism can improve insulin sensitivity and help maintain blood sugar homeostasis.

As a metabolic intermediate, pyruvate participates in the conversion of amino acids and lipids, reducing the burden on the liver. Its heavy metal chelating properties (such as binding lead and cadmium) can accelerate the excretion of toxins and protect liver cell function.